Read the passage.


Water Efficiency Strategies

courtesy of United States Environmental Protection Agency


Drinking water systems can implement water efficiency measures and still deliver an unchanged or improved level of service to consumers while reducing overhead costs. Improving water efficiency reduces operating costs (e.g., pumping and treatment) and reduces the need to develop new supplies and expand our water infrastructure. It also reduces withdrawals from limited freshwater supplies, leaving more water for future use and improving the ambient water quality and aquatic habitat.


More and more utilities are using water efficiency and consumer conservation programs to increase the sustainability of their supplies. Case studies demonstrate substantial opportunities to improve efficiency through supply-side practices, such as accurate meter reading and leak detection and repair programs, as well as through demand-side strategies, such as conservation-based water rates and public education programs.


Supply-Side Strategies for Water Suppliers


Accounting for Water—Accounting for water is an essential step toward ensuring that a water utility is sustainable. This is best accomplished when water systems meter use by their customers. Metering helps to identify losses due to leakage and also provides the foundation on which to build an equitable rate structure to ensure adequate revenue to operate the system.


Water Loss Control—National studies indicate that, on average, 14 percent of the water treated by water systems is lost to leaks. Some water systems have reported water losses exceeding 60 percent. Accounting for water and minimizing water loss are critical functions for any water utility that wants to be sustainable.


Demand-Side Strategies for Water Suppliers


Water Rates—One of the most effective ways to reduce demand for water is to establish rates that escalate as more water is used.


Consumer Efficiency—Consumers can reduce water use by installing water-efficient products or employing efficiency practices, such as turning the water off while brushing teeth or running washing machines only when they are full. Water systems can promote these actions through consumer rebate and education programs.


EPA's WaterSense Program—WaterSense seeks to protect the future of our nation's water supply by promoting water efficiency and enhancing the market for water-efficient products, programs, and practices. Visit the website for information on water-efficient products and practices, as well as utilities who offer rebates for WaterSense labeled products. Water systems can also apply to become a WaterSense program partner and receive tools they can use to promote their own water efficiency programs.

implement -- to put in place


infrastructure -- the physical structures necessary for a system to operate


ambient -- existing; already present


revenue -- earned money or income


Question 1

Part A


Which structure does the author use to organize information in the text “Water Efficiency Strategies”?



A: The author shares chronological instructions for managing water efficiency.


B: The author provides several paragraphs explaining each type of utility that offers rebates for WaterSense products.


C: The author includes statistical data on water rates and how those rates contribute to limiting water use.


D: The author offers detailed approaches to limit water usage from the supply side and the demand side.

Question 2

Part B


How do the sections of text contribute to the structure identified in Part A?



A: Each section covers the meaning of one new vocabulary word related to water systems.


B: Each section provides specific information and steps that can be taken to improve water efficiency.


C: Each section provides evidence to demonstrate which water efficiency method is best.


D: Each section offers an explanation of the varying approaches of several organizations.