Why did Spain become the most powerful country in Europe under Philip II? Why does the start of his reign mark the beginning of the Spanish Golden Age? Why did Spain decline? (Describe three reasons.)

What is an absolute monarch? How did absolute monarchs use the concept of divine right? Describe why each of the following monarchs decided to increase absolutism (or autocratic rule) during their reign: Philip II, Louis XIV, and Peter the Great.

Briefly describe Louis XIV’s lifestyle at the Versailles. What was the purpose of Louis’s extravagant palace and daily rituals? What actions during Louis’ reign led to the eventual decline of France?

Summarize the events that led to England’s gradual progression to a constitutional government. Include: Charles I, The English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, Glorious Revolution, English Bill of Rights, limited monarchy, and cabinet.

What impact did the Thirty Years’ War have on the German states? What two major powers emerged at the end of the Thirty Years’ War? How did a rivalry develop between them?

What were two goals of Peter the Great? What steps did he take to achieve each of these goals?