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Krashen is an expert in linguistics who wrote widely on second language acquisition. His theory on second language acquisition is based on the following five hypotheses:
Acquisition learning: Krashen believed that this was the most fundamental of classifications. He states that language depended on two separate systems of performance, acquisition, and learning. Acquisition was very similar to the process wherein a child acquires the first language. During this process, focus is laid on interaction and active participation in learning the language through communication, music, movies, etc. instead of on grammatical construction of sentences. During the leaning process, however, focus is laid on grammatical knowledge to understand and learn the language.
Monitor: This explains the relationship between acquisition and learning. According to Krashen, the acquisition process is based on utterance, which is controlled by the “monitor” or learning process that regulates grammar and corrects utterance. He also believed that there were different types of monitors: people who did not monitor at all and used their own knowledge (under-users), people who monitor all the time (over-users), and people who monitor appropriately (optimum users).
Natural order: This states that grammatical structures follow a natural order. It was stated that for a language, some structures were acquired naturally. But Krashen also believed that grammatical sequencing was not the best way to go when a language was to be acquired.
Input: This hypothesis is concerned only with acquisition and not with learning. In this theory, Krashen states that a person improves and progresses in the natural order.
Affective filter: Krashen believed that a number of affective variables such as motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety played a very important role in the acquisition of a second language. A person who has a problem with anxiety or is not motivated may form a mental block and stop the person in acquiring a second language. Krashen believed that the only way that approaching a language grammatically for the sake of acquiring would work is if the language was being used as a medium of instruction. He believed that comprehensible input was the best way for a person to acquire a second language.
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