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M The first quasar to be identified and the brightest found to date, 3C 273 in the constellation Virgo, was observed to be moving away from the Earth at such high speed that the observed blue 434-nm Hγ line of hydrogen is Doppler-shifted to 510nm, in the green portion of the spectrum (Fig. P46.43). (b) Edwin Hubble discovered that all objects outside the local group of galaxies are moving away from us, with speeds v proportional to their distances R . Hubble's law is expressed as v=H R , where the Hubble constant has the approximate value H \approx 22 × 10⁻³ m/s . ly. Determine the distance from the Earth to this quasar.

Sagot :

Wavelength observed from Earth = 434nm(λₙ)

Wavelength observed after shift = 510nm(λ₀)

(b) Given, v=HR

R=Distance from Earth to quasar

H=Hubble Constant=22×[tex]10^{-3}m/(s,ly)[/tex]

V=Velocity of quasar

from above V=5.25×[tex]10^{7} m/s[/tex]

∴R=[tex]\frac{V}{H} =\frac{5.25*10^{7} }{22*10^{-3} }=0.24*10^{10} ly[/tex]

R=0.24×[tex]10^{10}ly[/tex], ly=Light year

How did Hubble demonstrate the vast distance between galaxies?

  • Hubble's brilliant discovery was that the red shift of galaxies was proportional to their distance from Earth. That meant that objects farther from Earth were moving faster.
  • In other words, the universe must be expanding. Hubble discovered Cepheid variable stars in the Andromeda Nebula, a well-known spiral, in 1923.

  • Hubble was able to determine the distance of the nebula by using the relationship between the period of the Cepheid fluctuations and its luminosity.
  • Surface brightness fluctuations (SBF) and the colour of a galaxy can be used by astronomers to calculate how far away it is from Earth. The majority of galaxies measured in this manner are millions of light years away.

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