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For each of the following scenarios, describe the most likely pathway from beginning of synthesis (when peptide bonds are made) to final location for
a protein. Include short descriptions of key steps. The scenarios are: a protein that floats freely in the cytoplasm; a protein that is in the lumen (liquid
interior) of a lysosome; a protein that is secreted from a cell; and a protein that is imbedded in the plasma membrane of a cell.

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Both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell are the sites where protein synthesis takes place. A DNA template is used to create RNA in the nucleus. The translation is then carried out by this RNA in the cytoplasm.

Transcription and translation are the two processes that make up protein synthesis. A segment of DNA called a gene, which codes for a protein, is transformed into a template molecule called messenger RNA during transcription (mRNA). In the cell's nucleus, enzymes referred to as RNA polymerases perform this conversion. [2] Eukaryotes make this mRNA prematurely at first (pre-mRNA), which then goes through post-transcriptional changes to produce mature mRNA.

Nuclear pores allow the mature mRNA to be evacuated from the cell nucleus and transported to the cytoplasm, where translation can take place. Ribosomes read the mRNA during translation, using its nucleotide sequence to infer the order of the amino acids. To create a polypeptide chain from the encoded amino acids, the ribosomes catalyse the production of covalent peptide bonds. After translation, the polypeptide chain needs to fold in order to create a functioning protein. For instance, for an enzyme to work properly, the polypeptide chain needs to fold properly in order to create a functional active site. The polypeptide chain initially forms a series of smaller underlying structures termed secondary structures before it can assume a useful three-dimensional (3D) shape.

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