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Low-energy state of condensed matter is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume is solid.
What is solid?
When particles are arranged and packed closely -- compared to those in a gas or liquid -- and are relatively stable, they are considered to be in solid state. Solids tend to have a rigid shape, as the atoms or molecules of matter in the solid state are generally compressed and tightly connected through the chemical bonds. These bonds can produce an amorphous shape or regular lattice.
In electronics, the solid state refers to components and systems based entirely on semiconductor materials, such as silicon, germanium or gallium arsenide. Transistors and diodes -- the most common solid-state devices -- are often combined with resistors, capacitors and other components to create the integrated circuits (ICs). All the electronic systems incorporate ICs and, therefore, transistors.
The particles that make up solid have the lowest energy, and vibrate in place. This results in the characteristics of a solid, such as definite shape and volume. A solid is actually the frozen state of matter for substance. A substance does not have to freeze at cold temperature. For example, the faucet you have at your lab station in chemistry, and the faucets in your home are frozen the stainless steel; and so is your desk, pencils, pens, cell phones, and computers are all frozen. In fact anything solid is frozen.
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