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In chloroplasts, ATP is synthesized from ADP plus inorganic phosphate (Pi) in a reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase molecules that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane.Which of the following statements provides evidence to support the claim that no ATP will be synthesized in the absence of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?1) No ATP is synthesized when channel proteins that allow the free passage of protons are inserted into the thylakoid membrane.2) No ATP is synthesized while the Calvin cycle is synthesizing carbohydrates and using ATP and NADPH at a high rate.3) Increasing the proton concentration difference across the thylakoid membrane is not associated with a parallel increase in the rate of ATP synthesis.4) Blocking electron flow from onecarrier to the next in the electrontransport chains blocks formation ofa proton gradient in the thylakoid.
