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DNA ligases, which catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between neighboring nucleotides in duplex DNA, are ultimately responsible for repairing DNA breaks.
As they are made up of simpler monomeric units termed nucleotides, the two DNA strands are referred to as polynucleotides.
Each nucleotide is made up of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the four nucleobases that contain nitrogen: cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), or thymine (T). By forming covalent connections (also referred to as the phospho-diester linkage) between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, the nucleotides are connected to one another in a chain, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone.
A with T and C with G are the base pairing rules that tie the nitrogenous bases of the two distinct polynucleotide strands together to form double-stranded DNA. Pyrimidines and purines are the two categories that make up the complementing nitrogenous bases.
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