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. compare the control of gene regulation in eukaryotes and bacteria at the level of initiation of transcription. how do the regulatory mechanisms work? what are the similarities and differences in these two types of organisms in terms of the specific components of the regulatory mechanisms?

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Recognition of the promoter can be affected by activators and repressors.The (omega) component of a RNA polymerase holoenzyme recognizes the promoter in bacteria.

Similarities: Cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors must interact for transcription to begin. Upstream of a transcribed gene are components called promoters that are necessary. Recognition of the promoter can be affected by activators and repressors. Although they have diverse structures, DNA loops have a role in the control of transcription initiation.

Differences: The (omega) component of a RNA polymerase holoenzyme recognizes the promoter in bacteria. The specificity of transcription is controlled by the recognition of various promoter sequences by various (omega) subunits. Additionally, RNAs (attenuators, riboswitches, and sRNAs) can either allow as well as repress initiation, making transcription adapt to environmental or cellular conditions. Repressor proteins that cause DNA conformational adjustments (repression loops) can prevent RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter. In eukaryotes, the chromatin structure may have to be altered in order to change how accessible the promoter is to the transcriptional machinery. General transcription factors attract RNAP II to promoters. Additionally, enhancers and silencers are each bound by activators and repressors, respectively. Large DNA loops may be created, putting promoters & enhancers (or silencers) near to one another, according to one theory.

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