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Until one scientist presented the concept of hotspot magmatism, where the magma is substantially hotter than the surrounding magma, scientists were perplexed as to how volcanoes could be found so far from tectonic plate boundaries. Since they are mantle plumes, they are independent of tectonic plate motion.
In geology, hotspots (also known as hot spots) are volcanic regions that are assumed to be fueled by beneath-the-surface mantle that is abnormally hot in comparison to the surrounding mantle. Examples include the Hawaii, Iceland, and Yellowstone hotspots.
Hotspots magmatism may form a chain of volcanoes when the plates move above them because their location on the Earth's surface is independent of tectonic plate boundaries.
Two theories make an effort to explain their origins. According to one theory, hotspots are caused by mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core-mantle boundary. However, according to the alternative plate theory, the mantle source beneath a hotspot is not abnormally hot; rather, the crust above is unusually weak or thin, so that lithospheric extension allows the passive rising of melt from the mantle beneath the hotspot.
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