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Cervical cancer develops in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), which is sexually transmitted. Other risk factors include smoking, a weakened immune system, early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, and a family history of cervical cancer. Symptoms may not appear in the early stages, but as the cancer progresses, signs such as abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, and unusual vaginal discharge may manifest. Screening tests such as Pap smears and HPV tests are crucial for early detection. Treatment options depend on the stage of cancer and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination thereof. Prevention through HPV vaccination, regular screening, and safer sexual practices are vital in reducing the incidence and mortality associated with cervical cancer.
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