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Gymnosperms have adapted by producing pollen for aerial dispersal and enclosing zygotes in protective coatings within seeds, reducing their reliance on water for fertilization.
Gymnosperms have evolved to not depend on water for fertilization due to several adaptations. They produce pollen that can be dispersed aerially, reducing the need for water transport. Additionally, the presence of a protective coating around the zygote and female gametophyte, dispersed as seeds, enhances their survival without water dependence.
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