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The 'totality of circumstances' test involves analyzing indicators related to discrimination, with unusually compact election districts not being one of them.
Unusually compact election districts is NOT an element used in establishing a "totality of circumstances" test. This test is often used in cases related to discrimination against racial, ethnic, or religious groups, where the courts apply strict scrutiny to review if there is a compelling governmental interest and if the law or action is narrowly tailored and the least restrictive means available.