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Sagot :
Certainly! Let's analyze the given molecules, focusing on the hybridization of each carbon atom, the type of bonds formed, the bond angles, and the geometry associated with the hybridization.
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## 1. Molecule (i): [tex]\(CH_3 - CH = CH_2\)[/tex]
This molecule consists of three carbon atoms. We'll label them as C1, C2, and C3 from left to right.
### C1 (First Carbon Atom - [tex]\(CH_3\)[/tex]):
- Hybridization: sp3
- Bonds Formed:
- Forms 4 sigma bonds: 3 sigma bonds with hydrogen atoms and 1 sigma bond with the adjacent carbon atom (C2).
- Bond Angle: Approximately 109.5 degrees
- Geometry: Tetrahedral
### C2 (Second Carbon Atom - [tex]\(CH\)[/tex]):
- Hybridization: sp2
- Bonds Formed:
- Forms 3 sigma bonds: 1 sigma bond with the first carbon atom (C1), 1 sigma bond with the third carbon atom (C3), and 1 sigma bond with a hydrogen atom.
- Additionally, forms 1 π bond with the third carbon atom (C3).
- Bond Angle: Approximately 120 degrees
- Geometry: Trigonal planar
### C3 (Third Carbon Atom - [tex]\(CH_2\)[/tex]):
- Hybridization: sp2
- Bonds Formed:
- Forms 2 sigma bonds: 1 sigma bond with the second carbon atom (C2) and 2 sigma bonds with hydrogen atoms.
- Additionally, forms 1 π bond with the second carbon atom (C2).
- Bond Angle: Approximately 120 degrees
- Geometry: Trigonal planar
Summarizing for [tex]\(CH_3 - CH = CH_2\)[/tex]:
- Hybridization: C1 - sp3, C2 - sp2, C3 - sp2
- Bonds Formed: C1 - 4 sigma, C2 - 3 sigma, 1 pi, C3 - 2 sigma, 1 pi
- Bond Angles: C1 - 109.5°, C2 - 120°, C3 - 120°
- Geometry: C1 - Tetrahedral, C2 - Trigonal planar, C3 - Trigonal planar
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## 2. Molecule (ii): [tex]\(CH_3 - C \equiv C - H\)[/tex]
This molecule consists of three carbon atoms. We'll label them as C1, C2, and C3 from left to right.
### C1 (First Carbon Atom - [tex]\(CH_3\)[/tex]):
- Hybridization: sp3
- Bonds Formed:
- Forms 4 sigma bonds: 3 sigma bonds with hydrogen atoms and 1 sigma bond with the adjacent carbon atom (C2).
- Bond Angle: Approximately 109.5 degrees
- Geometry: Tetrahedral
### C2 (Second Carbon Atom - C):
- Hybridization: sp
- Bonds Formed:
- Forms 2 sigma bonds: 1 sigma bond with the first carbon atom (C1) and 1 sigma bond with the third carbon atom (C3).
- Additionally, forms 2 π bonds with the third carbon atom (C3).
- Bond Angle: Approximately 180 degrees
- Geometry: Linear
### C3 (Third Carbon Atom - H):
- Hybridization: sp
- Bonds Formed:
- Forms 1 sigma bond: with the second carbon atom (C2).
- Bond Angle: Approximately 180 degrees
- Geometry: Linear
Summarizing for [tex]\(CH_3 - C \equiv C - H\)[/tex]:
- Hybridization: C1 - sp3, C2 - sp, C3 - sp
- Bonds Formed: C1 - 4 sigma, C2 - 2 sigma, 2 pi, C3 - 1 sigma
- Bond Angles: C1 - 109.5°, C2 - 180°, C3 - 180°
- Geometry: C1 - Tetrahedral, C2 - Linear, C3 - Linear
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This detailed analysis covers the hybridization, types of bonds, bond angles, and geometry associated with each carbon atom in the given molecules.
---
## 1. Molecule (i): [tex]\(CH_3 - CH = CH_2\)[/tex]
This molecule consists of three carbon atoms. We'll label them as C1, C2, and C3 from left to right.
### C1 (First Carbon Atom - [tex]\(CH_3\)[/tex]):
- Hybridization: sp3
- Bonds Formed:
- Forms 4 sigma bonds: 3 sigma bonds with hydrogen atoms and 1 sigma bond with the adjacent carbon atom (C2).
- Bond Angle: Approximately 109.5 degrees
- Geometry: Tetrahedral
### C2 (Second Carbon Atom - [tex]\(CH\)[/tex]):
- Hybridization: sp2
- Bonds Formed:
- Forms 3 sigma bonds: 1 sigma bond with the first carbon atom (C1), 1 sigma bond with the third carbon atom (C3), and 1 sigma bond with a hydrogen atom.
- Additionally, forms 1 π bond with the third carbon atom (C3).
- Bond Angle: Approximately 120 degrees
- Geometry: Trigonal planar
### C3 (Third Carbon Atom - [tex]\(CH_2\)[/tex]):
- Hybridization: sp2
- Bonds Formed:
- Forms 2 sigma bonds: 1 sigma bond with the second carbon atom (C2) and 2 sigma bonds with hydrogen atoms.
- Additionally, forms 1 π bond with the second carbon atom (C2).
- Bond Angle: Approximately 120 degrees
- Geometry: Trigonal planar
Summarizing for [tex]\(CH_3 - CH = CH_2\)[/tex]:
- Hybridization: C1 - sp3, C2 - sp2, C3 - sp2
- Bonds Formed: C1 - 4 sigma, C2 - 3 sigma, 1 pi, C3 - 2 sigma, 1 pi
- Bond Angles: C1 - 109.5°, C2 - 120°, C3 - 120°
- Geometry: C1 - Tetrahedral, C2 - Trigonal planar, C3 - Trigonal planar
---
## 2. Molecule (ii): [tex]\(CH_3 - C \equiv C - H\)[/tex]
This molecule consists of three carbon atoms. We'll label them as C1, C2, and C3 from left to right.
### C1 (First Carbon Atom - [tex]\(CH_3\)[/tex]):
- Hybridization: sp3
- Bonds Formed:
- Forms 4 sigma bonds: 3 sigma bonds with hydrogen atoms and 1 sigma bond with the adjacent carbon atom (C2).
- Bond Angle: Approximately 109.5 degrees
- Geometry: Tetrahedral
### C2 (Second Carbon Atom - C):
- Hybridization: sp
- Bonds Formed:
- Forms 2 sigma bonds: 1 sigma bond with the first carbon atom (C1) and 1 sigma bond with the third carbon atom (C3).
- Additionally, forms 2 π bonds with the third carbon atom (C3).
- Bond Angle: Approximately 180 degrees
- Geometry: Linear
### C3 (Third Carbon Atom - H):
- Hybridization: sp
- Bonds Formed:
- Forms 1 sigma bond: with the second carbon atom (C2).
- Bond Angle: Approximately 180 degrees
- Geometry: Linear
Summarizing for [tex]\(CH_3 - C \equiv C - H\)[/tex]:
- Hybridization: C1 - sp3, C2 - sp, C3 - sp
- Bonds Formed: C1 - 4 sigma, C2 - 2 sigma, 2 pi, C3 - 1 sigma
- Bond Angles: C1 - 109.5°, C2 - 180°, C3 - 180°
- Geometry: C1 - Tetrahedral, C2 - Linear, C3 - Linear
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This detailed analysis covers the hybridization, types of bonds, bond angles, and geometry associated with each carbon atom in the given molecules.
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