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Glucose can be synthesized through gluconeogenesis and degraded via glycolysis to CO2. Fatty acids undergo synthesis in the cytoplasm and degradation through beta-oxidation in the mitochondria.
Synthesizing glucose: Glucose can be synthesized through a process called gluconeogenesis, which occurs in conditions of low glucose levels, such as fasting or low carbohydrate diets. Substrates like lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, alanine, or glutamate are used to create glucose for glucose-dependent organs like the brain.
Degrading glucose to CO2: Glucose is catabolized through glycolysis, where it is broken down to pyruvate and further metabolized to CO2 in the citric acid cycle. This process releases energy in the form of ATP.
Fatty Acid Synthesis and Degradation: Fatty acids are synthesized in the cytoplasm through various steps, including re-esterification of free fatty acids in the endoplasmic reticulum. Conversely, fatty acids are degraded through beta-oxidation in the mitochondria to produce acetyl CoA molecules.
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