Sure, let’s address each part of the question step-by-step:
### iii. One use of benzene
Benzene is used as an intermediate in the production of various chemicals. One of its primary uses is in the production of styrene, which is a precursor for making polystyrene, a common plastic material.
### iv. Definition of saponification
Saponification is a chemical reaction between a fat or oil and a base (usually sodium hydroxide) to produce glycerol and soap. This process typically involves the hydrolysis of triglycerides (fats/oils) to form free fatty acids and glycerol, which then react with the base to produce soap.
### (f) Calculation of the relative atomic mass of X in [tex]\( XCl_4 \)[/tex] with vapor density 77
Given:
- The formula of the chloride of element [tex]\( X \)[/tex] is [tex]\( XCl_4 \)[/tex].
- Vapor density = 77.
- Relative atomic mass of Chlorine ([tex]\( Cl \)[/tex]) = 35.5.
Step-by-step solution:
1. Understanding vapor density:
Vapor density is defined as the mass of a certain volume of a substance compared to the mass of an equal volume of hydrogen, where hydrogen's vapor density is set to 1.
2. Relation between vapor density and molar mass:
The molar mass of a substance can be found using the vapor density with the following relation:
[tex]\[
\text{Molar mass} = 2 \times \text{Vapor density}
\][/tex]
3. Calculate the molar mass of [tex]\( XCl_4 \)[/tex]:
[tex]\[
\text{Molar mass of } XCl_4 = 2 \times 77 = 154
\][/tex]
4. Expression for molar mass of [tex]\( XCl_4 \)[/tex]:
The molar mass of [tex]\( XCl_4 \)[/tex] is the sum of the relative atomic mass of [tex]\( X \)[/tex] and four times the relative atomic mass of Chlorine (Cl).
[tex]\[
\text{Molar mass of } XCl_4 = M_X + 4 \times 35.5
\][/tex]
5. Calculate the relative atomic mass of [tex]\( X \)[/tex] ([tex]\( M_X \)[/tex]):
[tex]\[
154 = M_X + 4 \times 35.5
\][/tex]
[tex]\[
154 = M_X + 142
\][/tex]
[tex]\[
M_X = 154 - 142
\][/tex]
[tex]\[
M_X = 12
\][/tex]
So, the relative atomic mass of element [tex]\( X \)[/tex] is 12.
