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West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) established students' rights not to be compelled to recite the Pledge of Allegiance. Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) and Engel v. Vitale (1962) further protect students' freedom of speech and religion.
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) was a landmark Supreme Court case that ruled in a 6 to 3 decision that students cannot be compelled to salute the flag or recite the Pledge of Allegiance, citing protection under the First Amendment's free exercise clause. The Court emphasized that 'compulsory unification of opinion' goes against First Amendment values.
Students' rights to freedom of speech or expression were also protected in Tinker v. Des Moines (1969), where the Court affirmed that students retain their constitutional rights even within the school environment.
Engel v. Vitale (1962) is another significant case where the Court ruled unconstitutional the requirement for students to participate in a school prayer, reinforcing the separation of church and state under the First Amendment.
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