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Explain how hormones, nervous system stimulation, and the volume, chemical composition, and osmolarity of the chyme affect motility in both the stomach and the duodenum.

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Hormones control the different digestive enzymes that are secreted in the stomach and the intestine during the process of digestion and absorption.

Hormones, nervous system stimulation:

The medulla and the vagus nerve both play a role in receptive relaxation, which is when the smooth muscles of the stomach's body and fundus relax to allow the stomach to fill. The strength of the peristaltic waves that stir the chyme is controlled by the vagus nerve and the release of a few hormones (serotonin in the stomach and intestinal gastrin in the duodenum).

Due to a negative feedback loop that slows gastric emptying, motility is slowed when the sensory receptors in the wall of the duodenum detect a high degree of stretch, a low pH, a high lipid content, or a high solute concentration in the chyme. The vagus nerve and the duodenum-secreted hormones secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide mediate this loop.

Learn more about hormones here:

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