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1. Discuss briefly the pharmaceutical importance of diffusion. (5 marks)

2. Write a short summary of the Diffusion Layer Model/Film Theory and Danckwert's Model/Penetration or Surface Renewal Theory. (7.5 marks)

3. Name five examples of radiopharmaceutical preparations and discuss the type of radiation emitted by each radiopharmaceutical and their purposes. (7.5 marks)

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Final answer:

Diffusion is vital in pharmaceutical science, influencing drug absorption and distribution. The Diffusion Layer Model and Danckwert's Model explain drug dissolution processes. Radiopharmaceuticals like Technetium-99m and Iodine-131 emit specific radiation types for diagnosis and treatment purposes.


Explanation:

Pharmaceutical Importance of Diffusion:

Diffusion plays a crucial role in pharmaceutical science by allowing drugs to move across membranes, aiding their absorption, distribution, and elimination in the body.

Diffusion Layer Model:

The Diffusion Layer Model/Film Theory states that a stagnant layer surrounds a drug particle, affecting its dissolution and subsequent absorption into the body.

Danckwert's Model:

Danckwerts Model/Penetration Theory explains how the rate of drug dissolution depends on the drug's surface area and the concentration gradient at the drug-solution interface.

Radiopharmaceutical Preparation:

  1. Technetium-99m: emits gamma radiation used in imaging to diagnose medical conditions.
  2. Iodine-131: emits beta particles and gamma radiation for treating thyroid conditions.
  3. Gallium-67: emits gamma radiation used to detect infection and tumors.
  4. Fluorine-18: emits positrons used in PET scans to visualize metabolic activity.
  5. Carbon-14: emits beta radiation and is used in metabolic studies and tracing.

Learn more about Diffusion, Drug Dissolution, Radiopharmaceuticals here:

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